Physical measurements

Passed examination in Physics and Mathematics and Practicums 1 and 2

Introduction. Phisical quantities defined with measurement procedure, units, measurements in animal world (chameleon, bat, owl,…), working definition of measurement and measurement system.

Optimal feedback. Systematic and random errors, normal distribution, combining of measurements with different uncertainty, measurement of state variables of a system,  

discrete optimal filter for linear systems – Kalman filter, transition to continuous formulation, white noise, thermal noise of resistor.

Simplification of optimal feedback.   Systems of first, second and higher oreders, transfer function, response of a system to standard inputs, Bode plots. Measurement with response to periodic excitation of a system and phase sensitive detection, phase locked loop, locking on resonance peak and caesium  clock, methods of least squares, compensation measurement systems.

Impact of measurement on the system. Input and output impedance, Thevenin's theorem, instrumentation amplifier, transmision of signals by cables, characteristic impedance.

Measurement and statistics. Testing of hypoteses, statistics T, chi-square, F, U, interval estimation of parameters, goodness-of-fit tests – Pearson's chi-square, test of Kolmogorov.

Measurements of important  quantities. Measurement of frequency and time, displacenents, temperature, sound, force, acceleration, angular velocity.

A. Likar, Osnove fizikalnih merjenj in merilnih sistemov, DMFA,
Izb. pogl. fiz. 26, 2011
A. Likar, D. Cvetko in G. Planinšič, Zgledi iz fizikalnih merjenj, DMFA, Izb. pogl. fiz. 43, 2011

The subject offers basic knowledge physicist needs working in development or research laboratory. The emphasis is on proper merge of measured data with dynamical low which is known for the measured system to a certain degree. Diverse measurement practices are only special cases of this basic scheme.

Knowledge and understanding:
The syllabus gives understanding on how measurement systems should be built from the first principles which enables the students for autonomous planning of such systems.
 

Lectures, tutorials, homeworks and consultations and excursions.

2 written tests (mid-term and end-term) applied towards the problem-solving examination, problem-solving 50%
Theoretical examination 50%
grading: 5 (fail), 6-10 (pass) (according to the Statute of UL)

[1]  D. Cvetko et al., “ Ultrafast electron injection to photo-excited organic molecules”. PCCP. Physical chemistry chemical physics : a journal of European chemical societies, Vol. 18 22140-22145, (2016).

[2]  O. Adak et al., "Ultrafast Bidirectional Charge Transport and Electron Decoherence At Molecule/Surfaces Interfaces: A Comparison of Gold, Graphene and Graphene Nanoribbon Surfaces", NanoLett. 15 (2015) 8316-8321.

[3]  G.Kladnik et al., Ultrafast charge transfer through noncovalent AuN interactions in molecular systems, J.Phys.Chem.C, Nanomaterials and interfaces, 117 (2013) 16477-16484.

[4]  T.Schiros et al., Donor-acceptor shape matching drives performance in photovoltaics. Adv.Energy Mater. (Print), 3, 2013, 894-902.

[5]  A.Schiffrin et al., Zwitterionic self-assembly of L-methionine nanogratings on the Ag(111) surface, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104, (2007), 5279-5284.

[6]  A.Batra et al., Quantifying Through-Space Charge Transfer Dynamics in π-Coupled Molecular Systems,  Nature Commun. 3 (2012) 1086.